Waterfowl Care Guide
Many different species of bird fall into the category of waterfowl. Birds in this group are members of the order Anseriformes and include ducks, geese, and swans. Similar to chickens, these birds have historically been kept for their meat and eggs but have also become pets or been used for ornamental purposes. Ducks and geese have been domesticated and many different breeds exist. Most pet ducks can live 10–15+ years and most pet geese and swans can live 10–25+ years.
Enclosure
Keeping a duck or goose as a pet typically requires a lot of space, preferably outdoors. A secure enclosure is essential — especially at night when predators may be active. A house or shelter within the enclosure should be provided for nesting.
Substrate is very important, as waterfowl are prone to bumblefoot (pododermatitis) — a condition where abnormal pressure on the foot surface leads to the development of sores. Hard surfaces like concrete increase this risk. Grass, hay, wood shavings, or sand/dirt are recommended. Litter must be absorbent and replaced frequently due to the high moisture content and volume of droppings these species produce.
A water source for swimming is a necessity. For smaller species, a kiddie pool may suffice, but larger birds require a pond. The pond should be constructed so it can be drained and cleaned regularly, and a filtration system is useful for maintaining water quality. Water depth should be sufficient to allow swimming without the feet touching the bottom, or to allow diving in species that dive.
Temperature
Most adult waterfowl tolerate a wide range of temperatures, though tolerances vary by species. Temperatures between 20–90°F can generally be tolerated as long as shade and deep water are available for cooling and an insulated shelter is provided. Ponds must be kept from freezing over in colder temperatures. Supplemental heating may be required if the temperature drops below 20°F.
Ducklings, goslings, and cygnets cannot regulate their own body temperature until they are older and require a heated brooder.
Lighting
All birds should have access to sunlight. Ultraviolet-B rays in sunshine help maintain a normal skeleton by allowing birds to produce vitamin D3, which is then used to absorb calcium from the diet. Ensure there are areas in the enclosure that provide access to unfiltered sunlight.
Diet
A good diet is essential. Waterfowl should be fed a formulated waterfowl pellet appropriate to their life stage — starter, grower, maintenance, or layer. Access to foraging opportunities such as grass and plants is also important. Suitable treats include oats, cracked corn, leafy greens, earthworms, mealworms, and mixed vegetables.
Wellness & Preventive Care
Waterfowl should have an annual wellness exam and fecal evaluation. Depending on your bird and individual circumstances, infectious disease screening may also be appropriate. Birds housed outdoors are at risk of contracting infectious diseases through interactions with wild birds. Biosecurity measures — steps taken to prevent introduction of harmful diseases into your flock — are an important part of keeping your birds healthy. Our veterinary team can help you develop biosecurity protocols to protect your flock.
